I have an anova model that looks like this: aov(log(Y)~X+Error(Participant/X)) Is there a way to do a planned contrast on a repeated measures model... something with an error term? I get an error when I do this: contrasts(X)=cbind(-3,-1,1,3) summary.lm(aov(log(Y)~X+Error(Participant/X))) Any help would be appreciated! -Ryan