| pyears {survival} | R Documentation |
Person Years
Description
This function computes the person-years of follow-up time contributed by a cohort of subjects, stratified into subgroups. It also computes the number of subjects who contribute to each cell of the output table, and optionally the number of events and/or expected number of events in each cell.
Usage
pyears(formula, data, weights, subset, na.action, rmap,
ratetable, scale=365.25, expect=c('event', 'pyears'),
model=FALSE, x=FALSE, y=FALSE, data.frame=FALSE)
Arguments
formula |
a formula object.
The response variable will be a vector of follow-up times
for each subject, or a |
data |
a data frame in which to interpret the variables named in
the |
weights |
case weights. |
subset |
expression saying that only a subset of the rows of the data should be used in the fit. |
na.action |
a missing-data filter function, applied to the model.frame, after any
|
rmap |
an optional list that maps data set names to the ratetable names. See the details section below. |
ratetable |
a table of event rates, such as |
scale |
a scaling for the results. As most rate tables are in units/day, the default value of 365.25 causes the output to be reported in years. |
expect |
should the output table include the expected number of events, or the expected number of person-years of observation. This is only valid with a rate table. |
data.frame |
return a data frame rather than a set of arrays. |
model, x, y |
If any of these is true, then the model frame, the model matrix, and/or the vector of response times will be returned as components of the final result. |
Details
Because pyears may have several time variables, it is necessary that all
of them be in the same units. For instance, in the call
py <- pyears(futime ~ rx, rmap=list(age=age, sex=sex, year=entry.dt),
ratetable=survexp.us)
the natural unit of the ratetable is hazard per day, it is important that
futime,
age and entry.dt all be in days.
Given the wide range of possible inputs,
it is difficult for the routine to do sanity checks of this aspect.
The ratetable being used may have different variable names than the user's
data set, this is dealt with by the rmap argument.
The rate table for the above calculation was survexp.us, a call to
summary{survexp.us} reveals that it expects to have variables
age = age in days, sex, and year = the date of study
entry, we create them in the rmap line. The sex variable is not
mapped, therefore the code assumes that it exists in mydata in the
correct format. (Note: for factors such as sex, the program will match on
any unique abbreviation, ignoring case.)
A special function tcut is needed to specify time-dependent cutpoints.
For instance, assume that age is in years, and that the desired final
arrays have as one of their margins the age groups 0-2, 2-10, 10-25, and 25+.
A subject who enters the study at age 4 and remains under observation for
10 years will contribute follow-up time to both the 2-10 and 10-25
subsets. If cut(age, c(0,2,10,25,100)) were used in the formula, the
subject would be classified according to his starting age only.
The tcut function has the same arguments as cut,
but produces a different output object which allows the pyears function
to correctly track the subject.
The results of pyears are normally used as input to further calculations.
The print routine, therefore, is designed to give only a summary of the
table.
Value
a list with components:
pyears |
an array containing the person-years of exposure. (Or other units, depending on the rate table and the scale). The dimension and dimnames of the array correspond to the variables on the right hand side of the model equation. |
n |
an array containing the number of subjects who contribute time to each cell
of the |
event |
an array containing the observed number of events. This will be present only
if the response variable is a |
expected |
an array containing the expected number of events (or person years if
|
data |
if the |
offtable |
the number of person-years of exposure in the cohort that was not part of
any cell in the |
tcut |
whether the call included any time-dependent cutpoints. |
summary |
a summary of the rate-table matching. This is also useful as an error check. |
call |
an image of the call to the function. |
observations |
the number of observations in the input data set, after any missings were removed. |
na.action |
the |
See Also
Examples
# Look at progression rates jointly by calendar date and age
#
temp.yr <- tcut(mgus$dxyr, 55:92, labels=as.character(55:91))
temp.age <- tcut(mgus$age, 34:101, labels=as.character(34:100))
ptime <- ifelse(is.na(mgus$pctime), mgus$futime, mgus$pctime)
pstat <- ifelse(is.na(mgus$pctime), 0, 1)
pfit <- pyears(Surv(ptime/365.25, pstat) ~ temp.yr + temp.age + sex, mgus,
data.frame=TRUE)
# Turn the factor back into numerics for regression
tdata <- pfit$data
tdata$age <- as.numeric(as.character(tdata$temp.age))
tdata$year<- as.numeric(as.character(tdata$temp.yr))
fit1 <- glm(event ~ year + age+ sex +offset(log(pyears)),
data=tdata, family=poisson)
## Not run:
# fit a gam model
gfit.m <- gam(y ~ s(age) + s(year) + offset(log(time)),
family = poisson, data = tdata)
## End(Not run)
# Example #2 Create the hearta data frame:
hearta <- by(heart, heart$id,
function(x)x[x$stop == max(x$stop),])
hearta <- do.call("rbind", hearta)
# Produce pyears table of death rates on the surgical arm
# The first is by age at randomization, the second by current age
fit1 <- pyears(Surv(stop/365.25, event) ~ cut(age + 48, c(0,50,60,70,100)) +
surgery, data = hearta, scale = 1)
fit2 <- pyears(Surv(stop/365.25, event) ~ tcut(age + 48, c(0,50,60,70,100)) +
surgery, data = hearta, scale = 1)
fit1$event/fit1$pyears #death rates on the surgery and non-surg arm
fit2$event/fit2$pyears #death rates on the surgery and non-surg arm