Hello, I have been reading the Pinheiro and Bates book and following the examples in R. We have a 2-level problem. A simplified version of it is: \[ E_{ijk} = a_1 + (a_2 \times S_i^p + \alpha_i + \beta_{ij}) T_{ijk}^{n + \gamma_i + \theta_{ij}} + \epsilon_{ijk} \] where $E_{ijk}$ is the response (strain), $S_i, T_{ijk}$ are predictors (stress and time), $a_1, a_2, p, n$ are fixed effects, and $\alpha_i, \beta_{ij}, \gamma_i, \theta_{ij}, \epsilon_{ijk}$ are random effects. It is not clear to me that this can be fit by nlme. ($i$ denotes stress level, $j$ denotes a replicate within a stress level, $k$ denotes a time within a replicate within a stress level) If $a_2 \times S_i^p + \alpha_i + \beta_{ij}$ were instead $a_2 + b \times S_i + \alpha_i + \beta_{ij}$ then I assume that there would be no problem as we would be modeling a fixed effect as a linear function of a covariate which I think that I know how to do from the examples in the book. However, the documentation for nlme in Appendix B of the book indicates that the formula in the fixed argument must be linear. Is it true that nlme cannot handle the problem as stated, or am I misunderstanding the documentation, or am I missing a way to recast the problem? Steve Verrill [[alternative HTML version deleted]]