Hi, I know this is mostly an R-spatial list but this is where the most  
computational geostats experts hang out, so please forgive me for  
asking an ArcGIS question.

I use R almost exclusively for my own work, but have been asked to  
supervise the development of an introductory geostats course for our  
partner at the University of Rwanda. They have standardized on ArcGIS  
for all of their GIS work (and SPSS for non-spatial stats), and the  
prospective students (mostly centre workers and collaborating  
researchers) are familiar with it. The decision was taken by their  
administration not to use my R/gstat material from the ITC distance  
education course, rather to develop the course with ArcGIS.

My counterpart is now with me developing the course. The deficiencies  
of ESRI documentation are well-known. I have dug around quite a bit  
both within the ESRI docs (on-line and with the program) and through  
various mailing lists and the web and can not find out some basic  
information. I hope you can shed some light,

1. What exactly is the display of the empirical variogram? The doc.  
implies there is one average semivariance per bin (as is usual) but  
the display often has several at the same bin. The variogram can be  
exported as a table, where it shows multiple (2 - 6 or so)  
semivariances for each bin; the table also shows a "weight" for each  
of these, but they do not add to 1 or 100 or anything I can  
recognize!  The close-range bins usually have one, then the number  
increases. So I guess each dot represents some number of point-pairs.

2. How is the variogram being fit? What weighting, what solver?  If  
the user changes the cutoff/bin width, the solution changes (as it  
should); but I can't see how it's solving, and I can't find any option  
to change the weighting (as in e.g. gstat).

3. When fitting direct and cross-variograms for co-kriging, it seems  
that a linear model of co-regionalization is being enforced (i.e. same  
range). Again, how is the fit being done? Like fit.lmc in gstat?

Naturally we want the students to understand what the program is doing  
for them!  Although ESRI promotes "press the button and look at the  
cross-validation". I do like their disclaimer in the ArcGIS Desktop  
9.3 help: "Kriging is a complex procedure that requires greater  
knowledge about spatial statistics than can be conveyed in this  
command reference". They then ref. Burrough (1986! not even the  
revised book), Heine (1986), McBratney & Webster Journal of Soil Sci.  
37:317 (1986), Oliver IJGIS 4 (1990), Press etc. Numerical Recipes,  
and Royle et al. Geoprocessing 1 (1981). Not exactly the most up to  
date or accessible reference list (no offrence to the fine authors  
mentioned).

Thanks for your help.

D. G. Rossiter
Senior University Lecturer
Department of Earth Systems Analysis
International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth  
Observation (ITC)
PO Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands
Internet: http://www.itc.nl/personal/rossiter/pubs/list.html#pubs_m_R



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