Thanks again, Petr. Following the reference, that would be true that "="
only assign values to the top level...So apparently using '<-' is the safe
all the time to assign values.

Dong


On 8/1/07, Petr PIKAL <petr.pikal@precheza.cz> wrote:
>
> Hi
>
> "Dong GUO 郭东" <guo.dong99@gmail.com> napsal dne 31.07.2007 15:27:35:
>
> > Thanks, Petr.
> >
> > I changed the equation mark from "=" to "<-", then, it works fine. Dont
> know
> > what difference it has made between the "=" and "<-"..
>
> from help page
>
> The operators <- and = assign into the environment in which they are
> evaluated. The operator<- can be used anywhere, whereas the operator = is
> only allowed at the top level (e.g., in the complete expression typed at
> the command prompt) or as one of the subexpressions in a braced list of
> expressions.
>
> Although I do not fully understand where I can use <- and where =, to be
> on safe side I use <- everywhere when I want to do assignment of some
> value(s).
>
> Regards
>
> Petr
>
> >
> > Regards,
> > Dong
>
> > On 7/31/07, Petr PIKAL <petr.pikal@precheza.cz> wrote:
> > Hi
> >
> > as you say that the computing is part of a function than the best way to
> > see what is hapenning is to use
> >
> > debug(your.function)
> >
> > see ?debug for options.
> >
> > Regards
> >
> > Petr
> > petr.pikal@precheza.cz
> >
> > r-help-bounces@stat.math.ethz.ch napsal dne 31.07.2007 00:11:00:
> >
> > > Dear all,
> > >
> > > here are two arrays: region(26,31,8), nation(8)
> > >
> > > I tried to get a new array, say, giGi(26,31,8)
> > >
> > > giGi <- array(0,dim = c(region_dim))
> > >
> > > for (i in (1:region_dim[3]))
> > > {
> > > giGi[,,i] = region[,,i]-nation[,i]
> > >
> > > }
> > >
> > > As the above is part of function, but results shows only giGi[,,1] has
> > the
> > > right answers, all the others (giGi[,,2],..giGi[..8]) are zeros. I
> have
> > > checked array of region and nation, they are not zeros at all....
> > >
> > > when I do manually, it is not the case, giGi has meanful numbers.
> > >
> > > can some one tell me the trick in this process??
> > >
> > > Many thanks in advance.
> > > Dong
> > >
> > >    [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
> > >
> > > ______________________________________________
> > > R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
> > > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> > > PLEASE do read the posting guide
> > http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
>

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