[R] Large mixed & crossed-effect model looking at educational spending on crime rates with error messages

[Ades, James]

I posted my question at Stack Overflow, where it didn’t get much of a response, and I was pointed in this direction by Ben Bolker. I’m happy to send the whole dataset to anyone who wants but thought that it would be presumptuous to include an enormous dput() here.

I’m looking at the effects of education spending per school district on crime rate (FBI crime data/UCR) within the cities and towns those school districts serve over a fifteen year period. The DV now has 203,410 observations of city/town crime data over those fifteen years. (I use that figure with some reticence, because there are so many moving parts and things to account for, but having employed over 100 datasets and hours passing through the code again, I think that figure is correct.)

Cities are technically crossed with school district, in that one city might attend multiple school districts. This means that one city could have multiple values for expenditure per student. School districts, however, also overlap with counties. As if things weren’t complicated enough, cities are mostly nested within county (though there are cities that exist in two counties, but it’s not often, and it’s usually by a small amount). Given that each city/town has a distinct PLACE_ID, my understanding is that this could be represented as (1|PLACE_ID) + (1|STATE/COUNTY_ID) or (1|STATE/COUNTY_ID/PLACE_ID).

I’m pretty familiar with mixed-effect models, and I’ve looked through clear and informative posts such as this one: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/228800/crossed-vs-nested-random-effects-how-do-they-differ-and-how-are-they-specified. I believe things would remain sane to include school district (full_district_id) as another crossed effect, as below:
glmer.total <- glmer(CRIME_TOTAL ~ 1 + (year|PLACE_ID) + (1|STATE/COUNTY_ID) + (year|full_district_id), family = "poisson", control = glmerControl(optimizer = "nloptwrap", calc.derivs = FALSE), REML = FALSE, total.years, na.action = "na.omit")

Variables (not included in this model, to keep things null and simple) are centered and logged: pop per city, pop.dens per city, year, unemployment rate per county, proportion children living in poverty per school district, per capita income per county, difference in those who voted democrat in presidential elections per county, log enforcement per city/town, centered expenditure per student/ 1000 (per school district). PLACE_ID corresponds to cities and towns, COUNTY_ID to counties, full_district_id to school districts, and state.

First, if I try to run the full model, using UCSD’s supercomputer, I get the error that the job was killed, presumably because it got to a point where it consumed too much ram (I think 125mb).

I then tried to create a small subsection of data with arrange(STATE, COUNTY_ID, PLACE_ID) and then slicing by the first ten states (up through Delaware), so that I have 26,599 values. If I run this null model with the above code, I get the following error:

```
Error in getOptfun(optimizer) :
  optimizer function must use (at least) formal parameters ‘fn’, ‘par’, ‘lower’, ‘control’
```

Then I tried with the optimx, with these configurations: control = glmerControl(optimizer = "optimx”,
optCtrl = list(method = "nlminb”,
maxit=10000,
iter.max=10000,
eval.max=10000,
lower = c(0,0,0),
upper = c(Inf,10,1)))

and I received the following warning…since this is a null model, there aren’t any variables to really rescale.\

```
Warning messages:
1: In nlminb(start = par, objective = ufn, gradient = ugr, lower = lower,  :
  unrecognized control elements named ‘lower’, ‘upper’ ignored
2: In nlminb(start = par, objective = ufn, gradient = ugr, lower = lower,  :
  unrecognized control elements named ‘lower’, ‘upper’ ignored
3: In checkConv(attr(opt, "derivs"), opt$par, ctrl = control$checkConv,  :
  Model failed to converge with max|grad| = 0.00102386 (tol = 0.001, component 1)
4: In checkConv(attr(opt, "derivs"), opt$par, ctrl = control$checkConv,  :
  Model is nearly unidentifiable: very large eigenvalue
 - Rescale variables?
```

I then tried more values (to 92,486, through Missouri). First, I tried the optimizer nloptr, and then I tried the optimix. I still received the same above errors.

I’ve checked and rechecked everything, so I wanted to solicit advice, either for where I might be going wrong, or for what I could do to resolve these error messages.

I’ve provided a brief snippet of the data below (randomly pulling a number of cities within counties of Arkansas, Arizona, and Alabama, as a dput.

Thanks!




231, 206, 935, 1070, 974, 1108, 1244, 1095, 1131, 1151, 1420,
1316, 1321, 1414, 1484), full_district_id = c("0100240", "0100240",
"0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240",
"0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240",
"0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240",
"0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240",
"0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100240", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270", "0100270",
"0100270", "0100270", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130",
"0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130",
"0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0408080", "0408080",
"0408080", "0408080", "0408080", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130",
"0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130",
"0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0407130", "0400212", "0408020",
"0400212", "0408020", "0400212", "0408020", "0400212", "0408020",
"0400212", "0408020", "0400212", "0408020", "0401180", "0401180",
"0401180", "0401180", "0401180", "0401180", "0401180", "0401180",
"0401180", "0402530", "0402530", "0402530", "0402530", "0402530",
"0402530", "0402530", "0402530", "0408600", "0408600", "0408600",
"0408600", "0408600", "0408600", "0408600", "0408600", "0408600",
"0403150", "0401460", "0403150", "0401460", "0403150", "0401460",
"0403150", "0401460", "0403150", "0401460", "0403150", "0401460",
"0401460", "0403150", "0401460", "0403150", "0401460", "0403150",
"0401460", "0401460", "0401460", "0401460", "0408600", "0408600",
"0408600", "0408600", "0409250", "0409250", "0409250", "0409250",
"0409250", "0409250", "0409250", "0409250", "0409250", "0409250",
"0409250", "0409250", "0409250", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860",
"0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860",
"0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860",
"0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080",
"0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080", "0403080",
"0403080", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080",
"0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080",
"0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0403080",
"0405820", "0403080", "0405820", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860",
"0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860", "0402860",
"0402860", "0402860", "0409310", "0409310", "0409310", "0409310",
"0409310", "0409310", "0409310", "0409310", "0409310", "0409310",
"0409310", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500",
"0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500",
"0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500",
"0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403500", "0405030", "0403730",
"0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030",
"0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030", "0405030",
"0405030", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070",
"0406070", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070", "0406070",
"0406070", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440",
"0406440", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440", "0406440",
"0406440", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240", "0408410", "0407240",
"0408410", "0402110", "0405320", "0402110", "0405320", "0402110",
"0405320", "0402110", "0405320", "0402110", "0405320", "0402110",
"0405320", "0405320", "0402110", "0405320", "0402110", "0405320",
"0405980", "0405980", "0405980", "0405980", "0405980", "0405980",
"0405980", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000",
"0509000", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000", "0509000",
"0509000", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000",
"0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000",
"0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000",
"0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0509000",
"0511850", "0509000", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850", "0510680", "0511850",
"0500009", "0500009", "0500009", "0500009", "0500009", "0500009",
"0500009", "0500009", "0500009", "0500009", "0509270", "0509270",
"0509270", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080",
"0513080", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080", "0513080",
"0513080", "0513080", "0511610", "0511610", "0511610", "0511610",
"0511610", "0511610", "0511610", "0511610", "0511610", "0511610",
"0512480", "0512480", "0512480", "0512480", "0506270", "0506270",
"0506270", "0506270", "0506270", "0506270", "0506270", "0506270",
"0506270", "0506270", "0508040", "0508040", "0508040", "0508040",
"0508040", "0508040", "0503690", "0503690", "0502790", "0502960",
"0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320",
"0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960",
"0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320",
"0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960",
"0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320",
"0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960",
"0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320",
"0502790", "0502960", "0503690", "0507320", "0502790", "0502960",
"0503690", "0507320", "0503690", "0503690", "0503690", "0503690",
"0503690", "0503690", "0503690", "0503690", "0503690", "0503690",
"0503690", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420",
"0506420", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420", "0506420",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0503690", "0511850", "0503690",
"0511850", "0503690", "0511850", "0503690", "0511850", "0500015",
"0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0500015",
"0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0500015", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850",
"0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850", "0511850"
), COUNTY = c("autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county", "autauga county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county",
"baldwin county", "baldwin county", "baldwin county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "apache county",
"apache county", "apache county", "apache county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county", "cochise county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county", "coconino county",
"coconino county", "coconino county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county", "gila county",
"gila county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "graham county", "graham county", "graham county",
"graham county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county",
"greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county",
"greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county",
"greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county", "greenlee county",
"greenlee county", "greenlee county", "la paz county", "la paz county",
"la paz county", "la paz county", "la paz county", "la paz county",
"la paz county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county", "pulaski county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county", "randolph county",
"st. francis county", "st. francis county", "st. francis county",
"st. francis county", "st. francis county", "st. francis county",
"st. francis county", "st. francis county", "st. francis county",
"st. francis county", "st. francis county", "st. francis county",
"st. francis county", "st. francis county", "st. francis county",
"st. francis county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
"saline county", "saline county", "saline county", "saline county",
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"04012", "04012", "04012", "04012", "04012", "04012", "05119",
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"05125", "05125", "05125", "05125", "05125", "05125", "05125",
"05125", "05125", "05125", "05125", "05125"), DISTRICT = c("Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Autauga County School District", "Autauga County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Baldwin County School District",
"Baldwin County School District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "St. Johns Unified District",
"St. Johns Unified District", "St. Johns Unified District", "St. Johns Unified District",
"St. Johns Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Round Valley Unified District", "Round Valley Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Benson Unified School District", "St. David Unified District",
"Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District",
"Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District",
"Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District", "Bisbee Unified District",
"Douglas Unified District", "Douglas Unified District", "Douglas Unified District",
"Douglas Unified District", "Douglas Unified District", "Douglas Unified District",
"Douglas Unified District", "Douglas Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District",
"Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District",
"Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District",
"Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Fort Huachuca Accommodation District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Sierra Vista Unified District",
"Fort Huachuca Accommodation District", "Sierra Vista Unified District",
"Fort Huachuca Accommodation District", "Sierra Vista Unified District",
"Fort Huachuca Accommodation District", "Sierra Vista Unified District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Sierra Vista Unified District",
"Sierra Vista Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District",
"Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District", "Tombstone Unified District",
"Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District",
"Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District",
"Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District",
"Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District", "Willcox Unified District",
"Willcox Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Fredonia-Moccasin Unified District", "Page Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District",
"Flagstaff Unified District", "Flagstaff Unified District", "Williams Unified District",
"Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District",
"Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District",
"Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District", "Williams Unified District",
"Williams Unified District", "Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Globe Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Hayden-Winkelman Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District", "Miami Unified District",
"Miami Unified District", "Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District",
"Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District",
"Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District",
"Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District", "Payson Unified District",
"Payson Unified District", "Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District",
"Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District",
"Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District",
"Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District", "Pima Unified District",
"Pima Unified District", "Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District",
"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
"Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District",
"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
"Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District",
"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
"Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District",
"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
"Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District",
"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
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"Safford Unified District", "Thatcher Unified District", "Safford Unified District",
"Thatcher Unified District", "Clifton Unified District", "Morenci Unified District",
"Clifton Unified District", "Morenci Unified District", "Clifton Unified District",
"Morenci Unified District", "Clifton Unified District", "Morenci Unified District",
"Clifton Unified District", "Morenci Unified District", "Clifton Unified District",
"Morenci Unified District", "Morenci Unified District", "Clifton Unified District",
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"Parker Unified School District", "Parker Unified School District",
"Parker Unified School District", "Parker Unified School District",
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"Parker Unified School District", "Little Rock School District",
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"Little Rock School District", "Little Rock School District",
"Little Rock School District", "Little Rock School District",
"Little Rock School District", "Little Rock School District",
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"North Little Rock School District", "Pulaski County Special School District",
"North Little Rock School District", "Pulaski County Special School District",
"North Little Rock School District", "Pulaski County Special School District",
"North Little Rock School District", "Pulaski County Special School District",
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