[R] A basic statistics question

[(Ted Harding)]

On 12-Aug-2014 19:57:29 Ron Michael wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> I would need to get a clarification on a quite fundamental statistics
> property, hope expeRts here would not mind if I post that here.
> 
> I leant that variance-covariance matrix of the standardized data is equal to
> the correlation matrix for the unstandardized data. So I used following data.
> 
> Data <- structure(c(7L, 5L, 9L, 7L, 8L, 7L, 6L, 6L, 5L, 7L, 8L, 6L, 7L,  7L,
> 6L, 7L, 7L, 6L, 8L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 8L, 7L, 9L, 8L, 7L, 7L,  0L, 10L, 10L,
> 10L, 7L, 6L, 8L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 11L, 9L, 10L,  0L, 13L, 13L, 10L, 7L,
> 7L, 7L, 10L, 7L, 5L, 8L, 7L, 10L, 10L,  10L, 6L, 7L, 6L, 6L, 8L, 8L, 7L, 7L,
> 7L, 7L, 8L, 7L, 8L, 6L,  6L, 8L, 7L, 4L, 7L, 7L, 10L, 10L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 12L,
> 12L, 8L, 5L,  5L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 5L, 4L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 6L,
> 7L, 5L, 7L, 5L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 8L, 7L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 6L, 7L, 7L,  6L, 4L, 4L,
> 6L, 6L, 7L, 8L, 7L, 11L, 10L, 8L, 7L, 6L, 6L, 11L,  5L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 7L,
> 8L, 7L, 12L, 4L, 4L, 2L, 5L, 6L, 7L,  6L, 6L, 5L, 6L, 5L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 6L, 5L,
> 6L, 6L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L,  4L, 4L, 5L, 10L, 10L, 7L, 7L, 6L, 4L, 6L, 10L, 7L,
> 4L, 6L, 6L,  6L, 8L, 8L, 8L, 7L, 8L, 9L, 10L, 7L, 6L, 6L, 8L, 6L, 8L, 3L, 
> 3L, 4L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 4L, 8L, 7L, 3L, 5L, 6L, 9L, 8L,  9L, 10L, 8L,
> 9L, 8L, 9L, 8L, 8L, 9L, 11L, 10L, 9L, 9L, 13L,
>  13L,  10L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 9L, 8L, 7L, 6L, 10L, 8L, 7L, 8L, 8L, 3L, 4L,  3L, 7L,
> 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 2L, 5L, 7L, 9L, 8L, 9L,  10L, 8L, 8L, 9L, 9L,
> 11L, 11L, 11L, 10L, 9L, 9L, 11L, 2L, 3L,  2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 4L, 4L, 2L, 2L, 1L,
> 1L, 1L, 3L, 3L, 4L, 6L, 4L,  5L, 2L, 3L, 5L, 4L, 4L, 2L, 4L, 4L, 5L, 4L, 2L,
> 7L, 3L, 3L, 10L,  13L, 11L, 9L, 9L, 7L, 8L, 9L, 6L, 7L, 6L, 5L, 3L, 13L, 3L,
> 3L,  0L, 1L, 4L, 5L, 3L, 3L, 0L, 2L, 20L, 3L, 2L, 6L, 5L, 5L, 5L,  2L, 2L,
> 5L, 5L, 5L, 4L, 3L, 4L, 4L, 3L, 4L, 10L, 10L, 9L, 8L,  4L, 4L, 8L, 7L, 10L,
> 3L, 1L, 9L, 5L, 11L, 9L), .Dim = c(45L,  8L), .Dimnames = list(NULL, c("V1",
> "V7", "V13", "V19", "V25",  "V31", "V37", "V43"))) 
> 
> ____  
> Data_Normalized <- apply(Data, 2, function(x) return((x - mean(x))/sd(x))) 
> 
> (t(Data_Normalized) %*% Data_Normalized)/dim(Data_Normalized)[1]
> 
> 
> 
> Point is that I am not getting exact CORR matrix. Can somebody point me
> what I am missing here?
> 
> Thanks for your pointer.

Try:
  Data_Normalized <- apply(Data, 2, function(x) return((x - mean(x))/sd(x)))
  (t(Data_Normalized) %*% Data_Normalized)/(dim(Data_Normalized)[1]-1)

and compare the result with

  cor(Data)

And why? Look at

  ?sd

and note that:

  Details:
     Like 'var' this uses denominator n - 1.

Hoping this helps,
Ted.

-------------------------------------------------
E-Mail: (Ted Harding) <Ted.Harding at wlandres.net>
Date: 12-Aug-2014  Time: 22:32:26
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