?tapply is one way. karena wrote: > I have a dataset like the following: > > subject class value > 123 1 10 > 124 1 12 > 125 1 12 > 223 2 23 > 224 2 18 > 225 2 19 > 323 3 21 > 324 3 10 > 325 3 19 > 326 3 20 > > how to calculate the summary value for each factor? > thanks > > karena