Hi, Mao Jianfeng schrieb: > plot(c(min(myda$traits),max(myda$traits)),c(-0.03,0.5), xlab='State', > ylab='ylab') Here, you are plotting two data points: (min(myda$traits),-0.03) and (max(myda$traits),0.5). Try this: > plot(c(min(myda$traits),max(myda$traits)),c(-0.03,0.5), xlab='State', > ylab='ylab',type='n') HTH, Stephan