[Rd] Use of C++ in Packages

[Kevin Ushey]

I think it's also worth saying that some of these issues affect C code
as well; e.g. this is not safe:

    FILE* f = fopen(...);
    Rf_eval(...);
    fclose(f);

whereas the C++ equivalent would likely handle closing of the file in
the destructor. In other words, I think many users just may not be
cognizant of the fact that most R APIs can longjmp, and what that
implies for cleanup of allocated resources. R_alloc() may help solve
the issue specifically for memory allocations, but for any library
interface that has a 'open' and 'close' step, the same sort of issue
will arise.

What I believe we should do, and what Rcpp has made steps towards, is
make it possible to interact with some subset of the R API safely from
C++ contexts. This has always been possible with e.g. R_ToplevelExec()
and R_ExecWithCleanup(), and now things are even better with
R_UnwindProtect(). In theory, as a prototype, an R package could
provide a 'safe' C++ interface to the R API using R_UnwindProtect()
and friends as appropriate, and client packages could import and link
to that package to gain access to the interface. Code generators (as
Rcpp Attributes does) can handle some of the pain in these interfaces,
so that users are mostly insulated from the nitty gritty details.

I agree that the content of Tomas's post is very helpful, especially
since I expect many R programmers who dip their toes into the C++
world are not aware of the caveats of talking to R from C++. However,
I don't think it's helpful to recommend "don't use C++"; rather, I
believe the question should be, "what can we do to make it possible to
easily and safely interact with R from C++?". Because, as I understand
it, all of the problems raised are solvable: either through a
well-defined C++ interface, or through better education.

I'll add my own opinion: writing correct C code is an incredibly
difficult task. C++, while obviously not perfect, makes things
substantially easier with tools like RAII, the STL, smart pointers,
and so on. And I strongly believe that C++ (with Rcpp) is still a
better choice than C for new users who want to interface with R from
compiled code.

tl;dr: I (and I think most others) just wish the summary had a more
positive outlook for the future of C++ with R.

Best,
Kevin

On Fri, Mar 29, 2019 at 10:16 AM Simon Urbanek
<simon.urbanek using r-project.org> wrote:
>
> Jim,
>
> I think the main point of Tomas' post was to alert R users to the fact that there are very serious issues that you have to understand when interfacing R from C++. Using C++ code from R is fine, in many cases you only want to access R data, use some library or compute in C++ and return results. Such use-cases are completely fine in C++ as they don't need to trigger the issues mentioned and it should be made clear that it was not what Tomas' blog was about.
>
> I agree with Tomas that it is safer to give an advice to not use C++ to call R API since C++ may give a false impression that you don't need to know what you're doing. Note that it is possible to avoid longjmps by using R_ExecWithCleanup() which can catch any longjmps from the called function. So if you know what you're doing you can make things work. I think the issue here is not necessarily lack of tools, it is lack of knowledge - which is why I think Tomas' post is so important.
>
> Cheers,
> Simon
>
>
> > On Mar 29, 2019, at 11:19 AM, Jim Hester <james.f.hester using gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > First, thank you to Tomas for writing his recent post[0] on the R
> > developer blog. It raised important issues in interfacing R's C API
> > and C++ code.
> >
> > However I do _not_ think the conclusion reached in the post is helpful
> >> don’t use C++ to interface with R
> >
> > There are now more than 1,600 packages on CRAN using C++, the time is
> > long past when that type of warning is going to be useful to the R
> > community.
> >
> > These same issues will also occur with any newer language (such as
> > Rust or Julia[1]) which uses RAII to manage resources and tries to
> > interface with R. It doesn't seem a productive way forward for R to
> > say it can't interface with these languages without first doing
> > expensive copies into an intermediate heap.
> >
> > The advice to avoid C++ is also antithetical to John Chambers vision
> > of first S and R as a interface language (from Extending R [2])
> >
> >> The *interface* principle has always been central to R and to S
> > before. An interface to subroutines was _the_ way to extend the first
> > version of S. Subroutine interfaces have continued to be central to R.
> >
> > The book also has extensive sections on both C++ (via Rcpp) and Julia,
> > so clearly John thinks these are legitimate ways to extend R.
> >
> > So if 'don't use C++' is not realistic and the current R API does not
> > allow safe use of C++ exceptions what are the alternatives?
> >
> > One thing we could do is look how this is handled in other languages
> > written in C which also use longjmp for errors.
> >
> > Lua is one example, they provide an alternative interface;
> > lua_pcall[3] and lua_cpcall[4] which wrap a normal lua call and return
> > an error code rather long jumping. These interfaces can then be safely
> > wrapped by RAII - exception based languages.
> >
> > This alternative error code interface is not just useful for C++, but
> > also for resource cleanup in C, it is currently non-trivial to handle
> > cleanup in all the possible cases a longjmp can occur (interrupts,
> > warnings, custom conditions, timeouts any allocation etc.) even with R
> > finalizers.
> >
> > It is past time for R to consider a non-jumpy C interface, so it can
> > continue to be used as an effective interface to programming routines
> > in the years to come.
> >
> > [0]: https://developer.r-project.org/Blog/public/2019/03/28/use-of-c---in-packages/
> > [1]: https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/28606
> > [2]: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315381305
> > [3]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#lua_pcall
> > [4]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#lua_cpcall
> >
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