Prof Brian Ripley wrote: >>The dnorm functions yield a wrong value when the standard deviation is near to >>1e-1 > What is wrong here? Try the textbook formula > > >>x <- 0 >>m <- 0.04 >>sd <- 0.3 >>1/(sqrt(2*pi)*sd) * exp(-0.5*(x-m)^2/sd^2) > > [1] 1.318039 > Even MS Excel gets this one right: =NORMDIST(0,0.04,0.3,FALSE) 1.31803947 Barry