stepfun {stats} R Documentation

## Step Functions - Creation and Class

### Description

Given the vectors (x_1, \ldots, x_n) and (y_0,y_1,\ldots, y_n) (one value more!), stepfun(x, y, ...) returns an interpolating ‘step’ function, say fn. I.e., fn(t) = c_i (constant) for t \in (x_i, x_{i+1}) and at the abscissa values, if (by default) right = FALSE, fn(x_i) = y_i and for right = TRUE, fn(x_i) = y_{i-1}, for i=1,\ldots,n.

The value of the constant c_i above depends on the ‘continuity’ parameter f. For the default, right = FALSE, f = 0, fn is a cadlag function, i.e., continuous from the right, limits from the left, so that the function is piecewise constant on intervals that include their left endpoint. In general, c_i is interpolated in between the neighbouring y values, c_i= (1-f) y_i + f\cdot y_{i+1}. Therefore, for non-0 values of f, fn may no longer be a proper step function, since it can be discontinuous from both sides, unless right = TRUE, f = 1 which is left-continuous (i.e., constant pieces contain their right endpoint).

### Usage

stepfun(x, y, f = as.numeric(right), ties = "ordered",
right = FALSE)

is.stepfun(x)
knots(Fn, ...)
as.stepfun(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'stepfun'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits") - 2, ...)

## S3 method for class 'stepfun'
summary(object, ...)


### Arguments

 x numeric vector giving the knots or jump locations of the step function for stepfun(). For the other functions, x is as object below. y numeric vector one longer than x, giving the heights of the function values between the x values. f a number between 0 and 1, indicating how interpolation outside the given x values should happen. See approxfun. ties Handling of tied x values. Either a function or the string "ordered". See approxfun. right logical, indicating if the intervals should be closed on the right (and open on the left) or vice versa. Fn, object an R object inheriting from "stepfun". digits number of significant digits to use, see print. ... potentially further arguments (required by the generic).

### Value

A function of class "stepfun", say fn.

There are methods available for summarizing ("summary(.)"), representing ("print(.)") and plotting ("plot(.)", see plot.stepfun) "stepfun" objects.

The environment of fn contains all the information needed;

 "x","y" the original arguments "n" number of knots (x values) "f" continuity parameter "yleft", "yright" the function values outside the knots "method" (always == "constant", from approxfun(.)).

The knots are also available via knots(fn).

### Note

The objects of class "stepfun" are not intended to be used for permanent storage and may change structure between versions of R (and did at R 3.0.0). They can usually be re-created by

    eval(attr(old_obj, "call"), environment(old_obj))

since the data used is stored as part of the object's environment.

### Author(s)

Martin Maechler, maechler@stat.math.ethz.ch with some basic code from Thomas Lumley.

ecdf for empirical distribution functions as special step functions and plot.stepfun for plotting step functions.

approxfun and splinefun.

### Examples

y0 <- c(1., 2., 4., 3.)
sfun0  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 0)
sfun.2 <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 0.2)
sfun1  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 1)
sfun1c <- stepfun(1:3, y0, right = TRUE) # hence f=1
sfun0
summary(sfun0)
summary(sfun.2)

## look at the internal structure:
unclass(sfun0)
ls(envir = environment(sfun0))

x0 <- seq(0.5, 3.5, by = 0.25)
rbind(x = x0, f.f0 = sfun0(x0), f.f02 = sfun.2(x0),
f.f1 = sfun1(x0), f.f1c = sfun1c(x0))
## Identities :
stopifnot(identical(y0[-1], sfun0 (1:3)), # right = FALSE
identical(y0[-4], sfun1c(1:3))) # right = TRUE


[Package stats version 4.2.0 Index]