solve {base} R Documentation

## Solve a System of Equations

### Description

This generic function solves the equation a %*% x = b for x, where b can be either a vector or a matrix.

### Usage

solve(a, b, ...)

## Default S3 method:
solve(a, b, tol, LINPACK = FALSE, ...)


### Arguments

 a a square numeric or complex matrix containing the coefficients of the linear system. Logical matrices are coerced to numeric. b a numeric or complex vector or matrix giving the right-hand side(s) of the linear system. If missing, b is taken to be an identity matrix and solve will return the inverse of a. tol the tolerance for detecting linear dependencies in the columns of a. The default is .Machine\$double.eps. Not currently used with complex matrices a. LINPACK logical. Defunct and an error. ... further arguments passed to or from other methods

### Details

a or b can be complex, but this uses double complex arithmetic which might not be available on all platforms.

The row and column names of the result are taken from the column names of a and of b respectively. If b is missing the column names of the result are the row names of a. No check is made that the column names of a and the row names of b are equal.

For back-compatibility a can be a (real) QR decomposition, although qr.solve should be called in that case. qr.solve can handle non-square systems.

Unsuccessful results from the underlying LAPACK code will result in an error giving a positive error code: these can only be interpreted by detailed study of the FORTRAN code.

### Source

The default method is an interface to the LAPACK routines DGESV and ZGESV.

LAPACK is from https://netlib.org/lapack/.

### References

Anderson. E. and ten others (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide. Third Edition. SIAM.
Available on-line at https://netlib.org/lapack/lug/lapack_lug.html.

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

solve.qr for the qr method, chol2inv for inverting from the Cholesky factor backsolve, qr.solve.

### Examples

hilbert <- function(n) { i <- 1:n; 1 / outer(i - 1, i, +) }
h8 <- hilbert(8); h8
sh8 <- solve(h8)
round(sh8 %*% h8, 3)

A <- hilbert(4)
A[] <- as.complex(A)
## might not be supported on all platforms
try(solve(A))


[Package base version 4.3.0 Index]