barplot {graphics} | R Documentation |
Bar Plots
Description
Creates a bar plot with vertical or horizontal bars.
Usage
barplot(height, ...)
## Default S3 method:
barplot(height, width = 1, space = NULL,
names.arg = NULL, legend.text = NULL, beside = FALSE,
horiz = FALSE, density = NULL, angle = 45,
col = NULL, border = par("fg"),
main = NULL, sub = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL,
xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, xpd = TRUE, log = "",
axes = TRUE, axisnames = TRUE,
cex.axis = par("cex.axis"), cex.names = par("cex.axis"),
inside = TRUE, plot = TRUE, axis.lty = 0, offset = 0,
add = FALSE, ann = !add && par("ann"), args.legend = NULL,
orderH = c("none", "incr", "decr"),
...)
## S3 method for class 'formula'
barplot(formula, data, subset, na.action,
horiz = FALSE, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, ...)
Arguments
height |
either a vector or matrix of values describing the
bars which make up the plot. If |
width |
optional vector of bar widths. Re-cycled to length the
number of bars drawn. Specifying a single value will have no
visible effect unless |
space |
the amount of space (as a fraction of the average bar
width) left before each bar. May be given as a single number or
one number per bar. If |
names.arg |
a vector of names to be plotted below each bar or
group of bars. If this argument is omitted, then the names are
taken from the |
legend.text |
a vector of text used to construct a legend for
the plot, or a logical indicating whether a legend should be
included. This is only useful when |
beside |
a logical value. If |
horiz |
a logical value. If |
density |
a vector giving the density of shading lines, in
lines per inch, for the bars or bar components.
The default value of |
angle |
the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees (counter-clockwise), for the bars or bar components. |
col |
a vector of colors for the bars or bar components.
By default, |
border |
the color to be used for the border of the bars.
Use |
main , sub |
main title and subtitle for the plot. |
xlab |
a label for the x axis. |
ylab |
a label for the y axis. |
xlim |
limits for the x axis. |
ylim |
limits for the y axis. |
xpd |
logical. Should bars be allowed to go outside region? |
log |
string specifying if axis scales should be logarithmic; see
|
axes |
logical. If |
axisnames |
logical. If |
cex.axis |
expansion factor for numeric axis labels (see
|
cex.names |
expansion factor for axis names (bar labels). |
inside |
logical. If |
plot |
logical. If |
axis.lty |
the graphics parameter |
offset |
a vector indicating how much the bars should be shifted relative to the x axis. |
add |
logical specifying if bars should be added to an already
existing plot; defaults to |
ann |
logical specifying if the default annotation ( |
args.legend |
list of additional arguments to pass to
|
orderH |
a string, one of |
formula |
a formula where the y ~ x y ~ x1 + x2 cbind(y1, y2) ~ x (see the examples). |
data |
a data frame (or list) from which the variables in formula should be taken. |
subset |
an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used. |
na.action |
a function which indicates what should happen when
the data contain |
... |
arguments to be passed to/from other methods. For the
default method these can include further arguments (such as
|
Value
A numeric vector (or matrix, when beside = TRUE
), say
mp
, giving the coordinates of all the bar midpoints
drawn, useful for adding to the graph.
If beside
is true, use colMeans(mp)
for the
midpoints of each group of bars, see example.
Author(s)
R Core, with a contribution by Arni Magnusson.
References
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Murrell, P. (2005) R Graphics. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
See Also
plot(..., type = "h")
, dotchart
;
hist
for bars of a continuous variable.
mosaicplot()
, more sophisticated to visualize
several categorical variables.
Examples
# Formula method
barplot(GNP ~ Year, data = longley)
barplot(cbind(Employed, Unemployed) ~ Year, data = longley)
## 3rd form of formula - 2 categories :
op <- par(mfrow = 2:1, mgp = c(3,1,0)/2, mar = .1+c(3,3:1))
summary(d.Titanic <- as.data.frame(Titanic))
barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, data = d.Titanic,
subset = Age == "Adult" & Sex == "Male",
main = "barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", ylab = "# {passengers}", legend.text = TRUE)
# Corresponding table :
(xt <- xtabs(Freq ~ Survived + Class + Sex, d.Titanic, subset = Age=="Adult"))
# Alternatively, a mosaic plot :
mosaicplot(xt[,,"Male"], main = "mosaicplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", color=TRUE)
par(op)
# Default method
require(grDevices) # for colours
tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
#- type = "h" plotting *is* 'bar'plot
lines(r, tN, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 2)
barplot(tN, space = 1.5, axisnames = FALSE,
sub = "barplot(..., space= 1.5, axisnames = FALSE)")
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE)
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE, beside = TRUE)
mp <- barplot(VADeaths) # default
tot <- colMeans(VADeaths)
text(mp, tot + 3, format(tot), xpd = TRUE, col = "blue")
barplot(VADeaths, beside = TRUE,
col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose", "lightcyan",
"lavender", "cornsilk"),
legend.text = rownames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0, 100))
title(main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4)
hh <- t(VADeaths)[, 5:1]
mybarcol <- "gray20"
mp <- barplot(hh, beside = TRUE,
col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose",
"lightcyan", "lavender"),
legend.text = colnames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0,100),
main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4,
sub = "Faked upper 2*sigma error bars", col.sub = mybarcol,
cex.names = 1.5)
segments(mp, hh, mp, hh + 2*sqrt(1000*hh/100), col = mybarcol, lwd = 1.5)
stopifnot(dim(mp) == dim(hh)) # corresponding matrices
mtext(side = 1, at = colMeans(mp), line = -2,
text = paste("Mean", formatC(colMeans(hh))), col = "red")
# Bar shading example
barplot(VADeaths, angle = 15+10*1:5, density = 20, col = "black",
legend.text = rownames(VADeaths))
title(main = list("Death Rates in Virginia", font = 4))
# Border color
barplot(VADeaths, border = "dark blue")
# Log scales (not much sense here)
barplot(tN, col = heat.colors(12), log = "y")
barplot(tN, col = gray.colors(20), log = "xy")
# Legend location
barplot(height = cbind(x = c(465, 91) / 465 * 100,
y = c(840, 200) / 840 * 100,
z = c(37, 17) / 37 * 100),
beside = FALSE,
width = c(465, 840, 37),
col = c(1, 2),
legend.text = c("A", "B"),
args.legend = list(x = "topleft"))
## Using 'order' to sort the "stacks" (each separately) {better example ??}
set.seed(1234)
mydat <- matrix(sample(1:20, 4*13, replace = TRUE), ncol = 13)
myCol <- c("#1B9E77", "#D95F02", "#7570B3", "#E7298A")
nms <- LETTERS[seq_len(ncol(mydat))]
barplot(mydat, col=myCol, names.arg= nms)
barplot(mydat, col=myCol, names.arg= nms, orderH = "decr", main= "orderH = 'decr'")
barplot(mydat, col=myCol, names.arg= nms, orderH = "incr", main= "orderH = 'incr'")