| numeric {base} | R Documentation |
Creates or coerces objects of type "numeric".
is.numeric is a more general test of an object being
interpretable as numbers.
numeric(length = 0)
as.numeric(x, ...)
is.numeric(x)
length |
a non-negative integer specifying the desired length. Double values will be coerced to integer: supplying an argument of length other than one is an error. |
x |
object to be coerced or tested. |
... |
further arguments passed to or from other methods. |
numeric is identical to double.
It creates a double-precision vector of the specified length with each
element equal to 0.
as.numeric is a generic function, but S3 methods must be
written for as.double. It is identical to as.double.
is.numeric is an internal generic primitive
function: you can write methods to handle specific classes of objects,
see InternalMethods. It is not the same as
is.double. Factors are handled by the default method,
and there are methods for classes "Date",
"POSIXt" and "difftime" (all of which
return false). Methods for is.numeric should only return true
if the base type of the class is double or integer
and values can reasonably be regarded as numeric
(e.g., arithmetic on them makes sense, and comparison should be done
via the base type).
for numeric and as.numeric see double.
The default method for is.numeric returns TRUE
if its argument is of mode "numeric"
(type "double" or type "integer") and not a
factor, and FALSE otherwise. That is,
is.integer(x) || is.double(x), or
(mode(x) == "numeric") && !is.factor(x).
If x is a factor, as.numeric will return
the underlying numeric (integer) representation, which is often
meaningless as it may not correspond to the factor
levels, see the ‘Warning’ section in
factor (and the 2nd example below).
as.numeric and is.numeric are internally S4 generic and
so methods can be set for them via setMethod.
To ensure that as.numeric and as.double
remain identical, S4 methods can only be set for as.numeric.
It is a historical anomaly that R has two names for its
floating-point vectors, double and numeric
(and formerly had real).
double is the name of the type.
numeric is the name of the mode and also of the implicit
class. As an S4 formal class, use "numeric".
The potential confusion is that R has used mode
"numeric" to mean ‘double or integer’, which conflicts
with the S4 usage. Thus is.numeric tests the mode, not the
class, but as.numeric (which is identical to as.double)
coerces to the class.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
double, integer, storage.mode.
## Conversion does trim whitespace; non-numeric strings give NA + warning
as.numeric(c("-.1"," 2.7 ","B"))
## Numeric values are sometimes accidentally converted to factors.
## Converting them back to numeric is trickier than you'd expect.
f <- factor(5:10)
as.numeric(f) # not what you might expect, probably not what you want
## what you typically meant and want:
as.numeric(as.character(f))
## the same, considerably more efficient (for long vectors):
as.numeric(levels(f))[f]