# Introduction

This vignette introduces the testing suite implemented in version 0.2.0 that offers several ways of testing for presence of outliers in the data. We will use artificial data to illustrate the usage of the different functions and how they can be combined.

See the vignette Introduction to the robust2sls Package for a general overview over the 2SLS setting and the package itself and the vignette Monte Carlo Simulations for more details about how to simulate data and register various back-ends for parallel or sequential execution.

# Artificial Data

First, we generate the parameters of the 2SLS model randomly and create artificial data.

library(robust2sls)
# create parameters
p <- generate_param(3, 2, 3, sigma = 2, intercept = TRUE, seed = 42)
# draw random sample of 1000 observations following the model
d <- generate_data(parameters = p, n = 1000)$data # Outlier Detection First, we use one of the algorithms to detect outliers in our sample. Suppose we use Robustified 2SLS, iterate the algorithm five times, and choose a significance level $$\gamma_{c}$$ of 0.05 (cut-off 1.96 under normality) to classify an observation as an outlier or not. Running the algorithm can be done as follows. The returned object is an object of class robust2sls. This is a list storing, inter alia, the model estimates and classifications as outliers for each iteration. model <- outlier_detection(data = d, formula = p$setting$formula, ref_dist = "normal", sign_level = 0.05, initial_est = "robustified", iterations = 5) print(model) #> Outlier-Robust 2SLS Model #> Initial estimator: robustified #> Reference distribution: normal #> Two-stage Least-Squares Model: y ~ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 | x1 + x2 + x3 + z4 + z5 + z6 #> Iterations: 5 #> Final selection: Outliers found: 32 Outliers proportion: 0.032 For some of the tests, we might want to use the same algorithm but different cut-off values. Under the null hypothesis of no outliers, we expect a proportional relationship between $$\gamma_{c}$$ and the share of detected outliers. For example, for $$\gamma_{c} = 0.01$$, we expect to classify 1% of the observations as outliers; for $$\gamma_{c} = 0.05$$, we expect to classify 5% as outliers. The utility function multi_cutoff() allows the user to estimate several such models by giving the function a vector of multiple $$\gamma$$ values. The function can be executed in parallel by registering a parallel back-end. We choose to run the expression sequentially because it is already fast. The function simply returns a list of robust2sls objects. # choose which gamma values to use gammas <- seq(0.01, 0.05, 0.01) # register backend library(doFuture) registerDoFuture() plan(sequential) models <- multi_cutoff(gamma = gammas, data = d, formula = p$setting$formula, ref_dist = "normal", initial_est = "robustified", iterations = 5) length(models) #> [1] 5 # Outlier Testing This section introduces four different tests: • proportion test • count test • scaling sum test • scaling supremum test Each subsection quickly explains the intuition, the formula for the test statistic, and provides a small example how to implement it. As usual, all tests require a significance level to decide whether to reject or not. Note that there are two significance levels at play: We use $$\gamma_{c}$$ to refer to the significance level that determines the cut-off value beyond which an error is classified as an outlier. It is a tuning parameter in the outlier_detection() algorithm. In contrast, $$\alpha$$ refers to the significance level of the tests, such that we reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is smaller than the significance level. ## Proportion Test The idea of the proportion test is to check whether the detected share of outliers deviates significantly from the expected share of outliers under the null hypothesis of no outliers. The test statistic is a simple t-test based on the asymptotic distribution of the false outlier detection rate (FODR) and is hence given as $t = \frac{\hat\gamma_{c} - \gamma_{c}}{se},$ where $$se$$ is the standard error. The function proptest() implements the test. It can either be given a robust2sls object or a list thereof, as returned by multi_cutoff(). # using a single robust2sls object proptest(model, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = FALSE) #> iter_test iter_act gamma t type pval alpha reject #> 1 5 5 0.05 -1.679477 two-sided 0.09305909 0.05 FALSE # using a list of robust2sls objects proptest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = TRUE) #> iter_test iter_act gamma t type pval alpha reject #> gamma0.01 5 5 0.01 -1.612677 one-sided 0.9465927 0.05 FALSE #> gamma0.02 5 5 0.02 -1.220803 one-sided 0.8889197 0.05 FALSE #> gamma0.03 5 5 0.03 -1.199388 one-sided 0.8848115 0.05 FALSE #> gamma0.04 5 5 0.04 -1.529832 one-sided 0.9369708 0.05 FALSE #> gamma0.05 5 5 0.05 -1.679477 one-sided 0.9534705 0.05 FALSE The function returns a data frame and each row corresponds to one setting of $$\gamma_{c}$$. Note that the value of the test statistic is the same for the first call of proptest() and the last row of the second call. They refer to the same model. The first column of the output stores the iteration that was tested and the second column refers to the actual iteration that was tested. This only differs when the user tests the convergenct distribution, which may differ across different settings of $$\gamma_{c}$$. The one-sided test only rejects for positive deviations from the expected value while the two-sided test rejects in both directions. When testing several settings of the algorithms, we have a multiple testing issue. We can apply the Simes (1986) procedure to fix the significance level for the global null hypothesis, which is rejected if any of the individual null hypotheses is rejected at the adjusted significance level. proptests <- proptest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = TRUE) a <- globaltest(tests = proptests, global_alpha = 0.05) # decision for global hypothesis test a$reject
#> [1] FALSE

# details for the Simes procedure
a$tests[, c("iter_test", "iter_act", "gamma", "t", "pval", "alpha_adj", "reject_adj")] #> iter_test iter_act gamma t pval alpha_adj reject_adj #> gamma0.01 5 5 0.01 -1.612677 0.9465927 0.04 FALSE #> gamma0.02 5 5 0.02 -1.220803 0.8889197 0.02 FALSE #> gamma0.03 5 5 0.03 -1.199388 0.8848115 0.01 FALSE #> gamma0.04 5 5 0.04 -1.529832 0.9369708 0.03 FALSE #> gamma0.05 5 5 0.05 -1.679477 0.9534705 0.05 FALSE ## Count Test The idea is similar to the proportion test. Instead of comparing the share of detected outliers to its expected value, we now compare the expected number of detected outliers to the expected number. The test statistic asymptotically follows a Poisson distribution. $n \hat \gamma_{c},$ where $$n$$ is the sample size. The function counttest() implements the test. As porptest(), it can either take a robust2sls object or a list thereof. # using a single robust2sls object counttest(model, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = FALSE) #> iter_test iter_act gamma num_act num_exp type pval alpha reject #> 1 5 5 0.05 32 50 two-sided 0.008727532 0.05 TRUE # using a list of robust2sls objects counttest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = TRUE) #> iter_test iter_act gamma num_act num_exp type pval alpha #> gamma0.01 5 5 0.01 4 10 one-sided 0.9896639 0.05 #> gamma0.02 5 5 0.02 13 20 one-sided 0.9609880 0.05 #> gamma0.03 5 5 0.03 21 30 one-sided 0.9647154 0.05 #> gamma0.04 5 5 0.04 26 40 one-sided 0.9924336 0.05 #> gamma0.05 5 5 0.05 32 50 one-sided 0.9973137 0.05 #> reject #> gamma0.01 FALSE #> gamma0.02 FALSE #> gamma0.03 FALSE #> gamma0.04 FALSE #> gamma0.05 FALSE As before, we can use the Simes (1986) procedure to account for multiple hypothesis testing. counttests <- counttest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5, one_sided = TRUE) b <- globaltest(tests = counttests, global_alpha = 0.05) # decision for global hypothesis test b$reject
#> [1] FALSE

# details for the Simes procedure
b\$tests[, c("iter_test", "iter_act", "gamma", "num_act", "num_exp", "pval", "alpha_adj", "reject_adj")]
#>           iter_test iter_act gamma num_act num_exp      pval alpha_adj
#> gamma0.01         5        5  0.01       4      10 0.9896639      0.03
#> gamma0.02         5        5  0.02      13      20 0.9609880      0.01
#> gamma0.03         5        5  0.03      21      30 0.9647154      0.02
#> gamma0.04         5        5  0.04      26      40 0.9924336      0.04
#> gamma0.05         5        5  0.05      32      50 0.9973137      0.05
#> gamma0.01      FALSE
#> gamma0.02      FALSE
#> gamma0.03      FALSE
#> gamma0.04      FALSE
#> gamma0.05      FALSE

## Scaling Sum Test

This test directly exploits the information we get from running several configurations of the outlier detection algorithm with varying $$\gamma_{c}$$. We therefore need a list of robust2sls objects, as for example returned by multi_cutoff().

The test statistic is constructed by summing up the deviations across different cut-offs / values of $$\gamma_{c}$$: $t = \sum_{k = 1}^{K} \sqrt n (\hat \gamma_{c_{k}} - \gamma_{c_{k}})/se,$ where $$K$$ is the number of different cut-off values that we have tried and $$se$$ is the standard error of this sum.

c <- sumtest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 1, one_sided = FALSE)

attr(c, "gammas")
#> [1] 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Note that we tested iteration 1 instead of iteration 5, which was the number of iterations we applied the algorithm. In general, as long as all robust2sls model objects contain that iteration, it can be tested - even if the model objects themselves contain further iterations.

The returned data frame has an attribute called "gammas", which stores the $$\gamma_{c}$$ values that were used in constructing the test.

## Scaling Supremum Test

As in the previous test, we combine several deviations across different cut-offs / values of $$\gamma_{c}$$. In this case, we take the supremum / maximum, since we have a finite number of $$\gamma$$ values: $t = \sup_{k = 1,...,K} |\sqrt n (\hat \gamma_{c_{k}} - \gamma_{c_{k}})|$ We simulate the asymptotic distribution of this object to derive the critical values and the p-value.

The function suptest() implements this test. The user can specify which critical values should be returned. The default is to report the values corresponding to the 90th, 95th, and 99th quantile.

d <- suptest(models, alpha = 0.05, iteration = 5)

attr(d, "gammas")
#> [1] 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
attr(d, "critical")
#>       90%       95%       99%
#> 0.5894801 0.6869229 0.8879335

As for sumtest(), the returned data frame has an attribute called "gammas", which stores the $$\gamma_{c}$$ values that were used in constructing the test. In addition, there is an attribute "critical", which stores the critical values of the simulated asymptotic distribution against which the test statistic was compared.